Dive into the structure and function of cells — the building blocks of life — from membranes to organelles.
Explore the structure and function of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins, and minerals.
Explore the components of cells and the specialized organelles that carry out vital cellular functions.
Movement of substances across membranes without energy, including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Energy-dependent movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using membrane proteins.
Compare the simplicity of prokaryotic cells with the complexity of eukaryotic cells in terms of structure and function.
Understand the key structural and functional differences between plant and animal cells, including their unique organelles.
Explore the stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and mitosis, and understand their role in growth and division.
Explore how gametes are formed and how chromosome numbers are balanced between generations.
Discover how cells break down glucose to release energy through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Learn the characteristics, structures, and roles of common microbes in the environment and health.
Explore how microbes can cause disease or be used in food production, medicine, and industry.
Learn the methods used to eliminate microbes and maintain sterile environments in labs and medicine.
Understand how vaccines prevent diseases and how antibiotics work to fight bacterial infections.