Thermodynamics

Learn how temperature is measured using different scales and how to convert between them.

Understand when and why two objects reach the same temperature after heat exchange.

Explore the foundational law that defines temperature and thermal equilibrium.

Study conduction, convection, and radiation — the three ways heat moves.

Learn how materials expand when heated and the mathematics behind it.

Understand how the motion of particles explains pressure, temperature, and state changes.

Understand how matter changes between solid, liquid, and gas states.

Explore how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of different substances.

Study the energy absorbed or released during melting, boiling, and condensation.

Learn how calorimeters measure energy exchange and help study specific heat.

Analyze temperature changes and flat regions during heating and cooling.

Explore energy conservation in thermal systems.

Learn the relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas.